In 1908, when Cixi and the emperor suddenly died, Puyi became "the last emperor" - 2-year-old Emperor Xuantong. The US used these funds to build Tsinghua University, now China's top-ranking institution. But Cixi supported the movement secretly, so the leaders supported the Qing Dynasty. The US sent a detachment of troops in the war against the Boxers, and the Qing court was forced to pay war reparations to the US. At first their goal was to overthrow the government and expel or kill foreigners. In 1900, a rebellion started among the poor, led by people who studied martial arts, so it was called the Boxer Rebellion. People suspect that Cixi killed him the day before she died. In 1898, the Empress Dowager blocked her nephew from reforming the government and imprisoned him. The Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Taiping Rebellion were the most influential ones, but none of them had ever succeeded in saving the dying Qing Dynasty. Under the corrupt ruling of the later rulers, various rebellions and uprisings broke out. In the field of science, the achievements in architecture were outstanding.Īfter the middle period, all kinds of social contradictions increasingly surfaced and Qing began to decline. Also, a group of scholars and artists such as Cao Xueqin (writer of A Dream of Red Mansions), Wu Jingzi (writer of The Scholars) and Kong Shangren (writer of The Peach Blossom Fan) gradually appeared. The notable book, The Imperial Collection of Four, was edited in that period. In that period, both culture and science were much more prosperous than any other periods. So that period was usually called 'the golden age of three emperors'. Especially, in the frontiers like Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongol and Taiwan Island, the court set out to enhance the power of the imperial ruling.īy the middle of the 18th century, the feudal economy of the Qing Dynasty reached a zenith, spanning the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong. Meanwhile, the court resumed the 'Sheng' administrative system that established by Yuan(1271 - 1368). In politics, following Ming's ruling pattern, the imperial rulers continued to strengthen the centralized system. Instead, they were isolationist.Īt the beginning, the Qing court carried out a series of policies to revive the social economy and alleviate the class contradiction. The empire concentrated on Imperial Examinations, studying ancient philosophical and religious texts.The Qing rulers did little to promote the knowledge of the world. In 1646, Dorgon reestablished the imperial examinations, held every three years, and in this way, he gained the support of large numbers of literati and the bureaucracy. A problem in the empire increasingly became the lack of modern education. After 286 years people had accepted it, and when the Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1912 many people refused the new government's call to cut their queue ! 3. Imperial Examinations Continued (1646–1911) But opinions about the queue did change over time. Dorgon said, "Keep your hair, lose your head keep your head, cut your hair." Tens of thousands who resisted were massacred. Traditionally adult Han people did not cut their hair. According to Confucius, we are given our body, skin and hair from our parents, which we ought not to damage. This hairstyle was humiliating, but helped him to identify resisters.
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